Multiple sclerosis (MS) registries are in active use in many European countries [1], and the need to develop registry-based data collection is recognized worldwide [2]. Registries help with patients’ follow-up and care [3,4]. There is a need to increase patient involvement and the collection of patient-generated data. Tools to identify and manage the wide range of patient-perceived MS-related concerns are needed. Moreover, there is a special need for early recognition of symptoms and factors that affect productivity and quality of life (QoL).

According to a mapping survey, there are 19 MS registries in Europe [1]. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are included only in 7 registries. One of those is the Finnish MS registry with a unique patient interface. The Finnish MS registry was launched in 2014 to enable digital treatment monitoring, systematic follow-up of incidence and prevalence, as well as the course of the disease [5]. At present, the registry is used in 18 out of 21 of Finland’s wellbeing services counties, including all 5 university hospitals. A patient interface for PROs was created in 2017, allowing patients to contribute health data on their symptoms, QoL, and overall well-being to inform health care professionals (HCPs) and to support patient-centered treatment decisions [6,7]. The PROs implemented in the patient interface include validated patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) as well as more informal PRO data.

Fatigue has been presented as the most common symptom of MS, with a rate of up to 80% [8-10], whereas approximately 50% of patients with MS have been shown to have cognitive deficits [11]. The negative effects of cognitive problems and fatigue on working ability have been shown in registry-based studies [12,13]. Self-perceived cognitive problems and fatigue have shown a linear relationship with days on sick leave and a decrease in weekly working hours and self-perceived working ability [12]. Furthermore, impaired processing speed as evaluated by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) has been found to be related to decreased work productivity as measured by days on sick leave and total annual income [13]. Cognitive deficits and fatigue, as invisible symptoms, often remain underdiagnosed, and treatment options are considered too late to promote working ability. Despite these findings, patient reports on fatigue or cognitive problems are not systematically included in MS registries [1]. Because the underlying mechanisms of fatigue are multifaceted and no clear definition for the symptom exists, the assessment is particularly challenging and relies heavily on patient report [8]. The fact that fatigue and cognitive concerns have been reported to be confounded with depression and problems with mood further complicates the assessment of the symptoms [14]. At the same time, the detrimental effects of fatigue and cognitive concerns on employment call for early diagnostics and treatment.

In 2020, a Finnish initiative called Invisible Symptoms in MS was presented to meet the need to consider cognitive symptoms and fatigue systematically and in a cost-effective way already at the early phases of the disease. The primary aims of the initiative were to promote early and holistic evaluation and treatment of MS and to offer patients tools to evaluate and manage fatigue and cognitive problems by themselves. The objective of this paper is to describe the protocol to screen and manage fatigue and cognitive problems by using the Finnish MS registry. Furthermore, descriptive statistics are reported on the data collected during the first 2 years following the implementation of the procedure, based on a sample from 5 well-being services counties.

The Invisible Symptoms protocol was available in 17 out of 21 Finnish well-being services counties at the time of the analysis. For the purposes of the study, we evaluated a sample from 5 Finnish well-being services counties: Southwest Finland, Satakunta, Pirkanmaa, Central Finland, North Savo. The population in these 5 counties represents approximately 30% of the total population in Finland and approximately 40% of the national MS population. The 5 counties represent areas with different population density and prevalence of MS. The implementation of the protocol was voluntary and depended on the resources the clinics had to administer the SDMT and introduce MyMS to the patients.

Altogether, 430 patients in the 5 well-being services counties had recorded data related to the Invisible Symptoms protocol into MyMS. The demographic and clinical variables of the protocol sample are listed in Table 2. The mean age of the patients at the first PRO recording was 42.5 years, the median disease duration was 4.1 years, and the median EDSS score was 2.5. Over 80% of patients were women (357 out of 430) and had a relapsing-remitting course of the disease (354 out of 430).

Of the 430 patients, 349 (81.2%) patients have filled out the PREDSS with a mean score of 2.9 (SD 1.67) (Table 3). Table 3 summarizes the coverage of data on the SDMT as well as the PROMs related to the Invisible Symptoms protocol. The SDMT assessment was performed on 86 (20%) patients. The PROM on fatigue, the FSMC, was completed by 76.5% (329 out of 430) of the patients, whereas the PROM on cognitive problems, the MSNQ, was completed by 40.0% (172 out of 430). When a patient completes the FSMC, they receive a feedback report summarizing the results. The report also includes information about fatigue, along with practical tips for managing it in daily life. An example of the feedback report is presented as the Multimedia Appendix 2. A similar report is available after completing the MSNQ, summarizing the questionnaire results and providing tips for managing cognitive problems.

In the present sample, a significant relationship was observed between disease duration and both the EDSS and the PREDSS (Figure 1). Disease duration did not show a significant relationship with any of the measures on mood, fatigue, cognition, or QoL except for the VAS-F. The EDSS correlated significantly with the SDMT, the VAS scores on fatigue and cognition, QoL, FSMC scores, and attentional items of the MSNQ. The PREDSS showed a correlation pattern similar to that of the EDSS. In contrast to the EDSS, it also correlated significantly with the VAS-M, but not with the MSNQ scores. The SDMT did not correlate significantly with the self-reports on mood, fatigue, or cognition. Instead, a significant correlation was observed between the SDMT and QoL. The VAS scores on fatigue, cognition, and mood correlated consistently with each other and the Euro Quality of Life–5 Dimension. Both the FSMC and MSNQ scores showed significant correlations with self-reports on fatigue, cognition, mood, and QoL.

The Finnish invisible symptom initiative presents a protocol for registry-based screening and management of fatigue and cognitive concerns. It includes an annual assessment of processing speed using the SDMT, as well as patient-reported measures of disease severity, QoL, and symptoms, with an emphasis on cognitive symptoms and fatigue. For symptom management purposes, patients are provided with a feedback report on self-perceived fatigue based on the FSMC and on self-perceived cognitive problems based on the MSNQ. Our sample from 5 Finnish well-being services counties shows that the implementation of the protocol has been gradual, and patient-reported assessments have been conducted more frequently than objective assessments of processing speed. The descriptive statistics of the present sample support earlier findings on the important role of fatigue and cognitive symptoms in QoL [7,10,12,13,23].

Our protocol for the screening and management of problems and fatigue aligns with the recommendations by Kalb et al [24] for baseline screening and annual follow-up of cognitive performance in MS using the SDMT. The SDMT has been introduced as the most sensitive measure of cognitive performance and processing speed in MS [25]. The Finnish validation of the brief international cognitive assessment in MS showed that the SDMT was the most sensitive measure, also in Finnish patients with MS [20]. In the same study, the MSNQ and the FSMC were found to be suitable for self-evaluation of fatigue and cognitive symptoms, provided that the effects of mood state are adequately controlled. To assess patient perspective, the MSNQ and the FSMC were thus implemented into the patient interface of the Finnish MS registry. The VAS score on mood was used to control the effects of mood on fatigue and cognitive concerns.

Only 20% (86 out of 430) of the patients in the present sample were assessed with the SDMT. The mean SDMT score in the present registry-based sample was higher than that observed in the Finnish validation study with older and more disabled patients [20] but in line with international studies with patients of similar age and EDSS [26-29]. Over 50% (291 out of 430) of the patients of the present sample had completed the MSNQ, and over 70% (337 out of 430) of the patients had completed the FSMC, at least partially. Based on the FSMC [21], the patients of the present sample reported severe overall fatigue and moderate motor and cognitive fatigue. Based on the MSNQ [19], they also perceived at least occasional problems with cognitive functions. The patients of the present sample reported more fatigue and cognitive concerns than the patients in the Finnish validation study [20]. Further, the FSMC scores of the present sample were higher than those in another Finnish study involving patients with relapsing-remitting MS [10]. The present sample is likely overrepresented by patients with pronounced fatigue and cognitive symptoms, as these individuals were probably more often instructed to complete the questionnaires to support symptom management.

In the present sample, physical disability as measured by either the EDSS or the PREDSS correlated with all the self-report measures used, except the MSNQ. On the contrary, disease duration did not have a significant relationship with the self-reports, certifying the earlier findings that invisible symptoms may emerge at any phase of the disease [30]. The SDMT correlated with both the EDSS and the PREDSS. The SDMT did not show a significant relationship with the self-report of depression. On the contrary, self-reports on fatigue and cognitive problems correlated significantly with those on depression. These results are in line with earlier findings that concerns with fatigue, cognition, and mood are interrelated and should all be considered in the screening and search for optimal treatment methods [11,14,19,20].

In the Invisible Symptoms initiative, feedback reports based on the patient’s answers in the MSNQ and the FSMC were developed. Digital self-management tools could be further developed into web-based rehabilitation programs that integrate assessments, feedback, and strategies with individual goal setting and professional counseling. Positive effects on the management of cognitive symptoms in MS have been demonstrated not only through neuropsychological and cognitive rehabilitation, but also through the use of digital applications [31-33]. Especially cost-effective, individualized, and holistic intervention with an input from HCP has been called for [11].

This study has several limitations. The procedure for screening and managing fatigue and cognitive concerns has been in use for only 2 years and is not yet fully implemented across all regions, resulting in a relatively small sample limited to 5 of Finland’s 21 wellbeing services counties—though these account for approximately 40% of the national MS population. Adoption of the protocol has likely been slowed by limited resources for conducting the SDMT and challenges in interpreting and integrating PROM data into routine clinical decision-making. Additionally, the patient interface has so far been available only as a web-based tool, which may have reduced usability; a mobile app is currently under development in response to patient feedback, particularly from younger individuals. The sample may also over-represent individuals with fatigue and cognitive symptoms, as participation is voluntary and allows patients to choose which questionnaires to complete. It is also unknown whether patients have engaged with the feedback provided. Despite these limitations, the model offers clinics a structured means to guide annual assessment and symptom management through the digital registry. Ideally, this approach would be applied systematically and include both PROMs and the SDMT, which is internationally recommended for evaluating cognitive function in people with MS.

Comprehensive management of invisible symptoms requires effective communication between HCPs and patients [34,35]. The Finnish Invisible Symptoms initiative provides a systematic approach to addressing patient-perceived cognitive problems and fatigue. Cognitive performance and patient-perceived symptoms, including fatigue and cognitive concerns, can be assessed annually using validated tools, with results accessible to patients via the patient interface and to HCPs via the clinician interface. According to a European survey published in 2019 [1], only 7 out of 19 identified MS registries include patient-derived measures. Digital registries can serve as platforms for patient-reported data, empowering individuals to take an active role in managing their disease, adhering to treatment, and making beneficial lifestyle choices. As stated by Lakin et al [34], by pairing clinical knowledge with an understanding and consideration of the patient perspective, HCPs are equipped to foster patient-centered dialogue that encourages shared decision-making and high-quality care. The need for innovative interventions addressing invisible symptoms is increasingly recognized. Positive experiences with digital solutions have already been reported, highlighting the importance of continued development and evaluation [31,33,36].