%0 Journal Article
%@ 2292-9495
%I JMIR Publications
%V 10
%N 
%P e40932
%T Designing Virtual Natural Environments for Older Adults: Think-Aloud Study
%A Lundstedt,Rikard
%A Persson,Johanna
%A Håkansson,Carita
%A Frennert,Susanne
%A Wallergård,Mattias
%+ Ergonomics & Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 221 00, Sweden, 46 46 222 79 16, rikard.lundstedt@design.lth.se
%K virtual natural environments
%K user-centered design
%K qualitative method
%K real-time 3D graphics
%K older adults
%D 2023
%7 7.4.2023
%9 Original Paper
%J JMIR Hum Factors
%G English
%X Background: Spending time in natural environments is beneficial for human health, but many older adults have limited or no access to natural environments. Virtual reality technology may be a means to facilitate nature experiences, and so, there is a need for knowledge on how to design virtual restorative natural environments for older adults. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify, implement, and test older adults’ preferences and ideas regarding virtual natural environments. Methods: A total of 14 older adults (mean age 75, SD 5.9 years) participated in an iterative process to design such an environment. We used think-aloud protocols and qualitative content analysis and established questionnaires that targeted usability, affective aspects, and side effects. These data guided the design decisions for incremental implementations of a prototype. Results: The participants’ preferences included trueness to reality in terms of rendition and behavior; traces of human activity and natural processes that trigger the imagination and provide believability; the ability to roam, explore, and interact with the environment; and a familiar, relatable environment that evokes memories. The iterative design process resulted in a prototype featuring many of the participants’ ideas and preferences, including a seated locomotion technique, animals, a boat ride, the discovery of a boat wreck, and apple picking. The questionnaire results indicated high perceived usability, interest, and enjoyment; low pressure and tension; moderate value and usefulness; and negligible side effects. Conclusions: We suggested 3 principles for virtual natural environments for older adults: realness, interactivity, and relatedness. Virtual natural environments should also provide a diversity of content and activities to accommodate the heterogeneity in older adults’ preferences. These results can contribute to a framework for designing virtual natural environments for older adults. However, these findings need to be tested and potentially revised in future studies. 
%M 37027206
%R 10.2196/40932
%U https://humanfactors.jmir.org/2023/1/e40932
%U https://doi.org/10.2196/40932
%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37027206