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This is especially true because booster rates continue to remain low in the general population [21], with a study finding similar trends among Americans with disabilities [22], and research on booster acceptance and hesitancy among autistic adults remains scant despite their disproportionate risk for adverse outcomes.
JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024;10:e51054
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Yet, despite their value, vaccine hesitancy persists as a barrier to full vaccine uptake. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines vaccine hesitancy as the delay or refusal of vaccination, even when vaccination services are accessible [4]. Additionally, the WHO identifies vaccine hesitancy as one of the top 10 global health threats [5].
JMIR Med Inform 2024;12:e57164
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COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
Table 1 provides a summary of vaccine acceptance and hesitancy rates among different populations. Acceptance rates were studied in 58 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and 12 distinct reviews reported on hesitancy rates (Table 2).
Summary of vaccine acceptance rates across different populations.
a N/A: not applicable.
Summary of vaccine hesitancy rates across different populations.
a N/A: not applicable.
JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024;10:e54769
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Vaccine hesitancy, that is, the delay or refusal of vaccinations despite the availability of services [3], has been recognized as a significant contributing factor to the unequal uptake of COVID-19 vaccines across different ethnic groups [4]. This contrasts with anti-vaxxers, defined as a group of individuals who may refuse most if not all vaccinations [5].
Several studies have investigated the causes of hesitancy within the context of the COVID-19 vaccine [6-8].
JMIR Form Res 2024;8:e51152
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One significant contributing factor to this phenomenon is “vaccine hesitancy” [3,4]. Vaccine hesitancy is defined as a reluctance or delay in accepting or agreeing to receive vaccines, even when vaccination services are readily available. Vaccine hesitancy is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon influenced by a wide range of factors. These factors encompass cognitive, psychological, sociodemographic, political, and cultural elements, among others.
JMIR Res Protoc 2024;13:e54680
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The vaccination process depends on various societal factors such as vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal, practical aspects of its application, and uneven/unequal vaccine rollout [16]. Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization identified vaccine hesitancy as one of the top 10 global threats to public health [17].
JMIR Hum Factors 2024;11:e44258
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Although these numbers are impressive, vaccine receipt in Canada has varied by subgroups with some expressing more resistance or hesitancy [2]. Vaccine hesitancy, characterized as a “delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services” [3], is a major barrier to prevent severe outcomes for SARS-Co V-2 infection.
JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024;10:e48466
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Although the number of vaccine-hesitant individuals continues to decline, the fact that vaccine hesitancy still exists interferes with infection control through vaccination.
Vaccine hesitancy has been fueled in part by the spread of vaccine misinformation, both in the media and on the web. In fact, the COVID-19 vaccine became a popular topic of discussion among social media users, with many individuals expressing their concerns about taking the vaccine on social media platforms [2].
JMIR Infodemiology 2023;3:e43700
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Current evidence reported a number of factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, including sociodemographic factors [4,6] and vaccine confidence, providing strategies to combat vaccine hesitancy in local contexts [7,12,13]. On the other hand, ongoing monitoring of the national and subnational trajectory of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in multiple countries could still offer support in designing tailored policies on improving vaccine uptake.
J Med Internet Res 2023;25:e49753
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Reference 10: Exploring coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine hesitancy on Twitter using sentiment analysis Reference 21: Predicting zip code-level vaccine hesitancy in US Metropolitan Areas using machine learningvaccine hesitancy hesitancy
JMIR Infodemiology 2023;3:e43703
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