This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Design and Usability of Consumer Health Tech and Home Monitoring Devices (218) Telehealth and Telemonitoring (1671) Clinical Communication, Electronic Consultation and Telehealth (590) Pulmonology, COPD (143) Focus Groups and Qualitative Research for Human Factors Research (851) User Needs and Competencies (303) Home Care (170) mHealth for Rehabilitation (263) Telerehabilitation (159)

Published on in Vol 11 (2024)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/51150, first published .
Feasibility and Design Factors for Home-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Lung Diseases Based on a People-Object-Environment Framework: Qualitative Interview Study

Feasibility and Design Factors for Home-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Lung Diseases Based on a People-Object-Environment Framework: Qualitative Interview Study

Feasibility and Design Factors for Home-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Lung Diseases Based on a People-Object-Environment Framework: Qualitative Interview Study

Authors of this article:

Shih-Ying Chien1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Alice May-Kuen Wong2 Author Orcid Image ;   Winston Tseng3 Author Orcid Image ;   Han-Chung Hu4, 5 Author Orcid Image ;   Hsiu-Ying Cho5 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (1) Tweetations (2) Metrics

    Original Paper

    1Department of Industrial Design, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    2Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    3Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States

    4Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    5Department of Respiratory Therapy, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    Corresponding Author:

    Shih-Ying Chien, PhD

    Department of Industrial Design

    Chang Gung University

    259 Wen-Hwa 1st Rd, Kweishan

    Taoyuan, 333

    Taiwan

    Phone: 886 3 2118800 ext 5669

    Email: shihying@mail.cgu.edu.tw


    Background: The feasibility of implementing home-based pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) can be assessed from the perspectives of patients with chronic lung disease and health care professionals involved in PR.

    Objective: Through a qualitative inquiry using interviews and the adoption of the people-object-environment framework, this study aims to understand the influences of interpersonal, environmental, and situational factors on the perceptions and considerations of individuals involved in home-based PR for patients with chronic lung disease.

    Methods: One-on-one interviews were conducted with 20 patients with chronic lung disease and 20 health care professionals for investigating their attitudes and opinions based on their experiences regarding home-based PR as well as for identifying the key factors affecting the benefits and drawbacks of such therapies. This study further evaluates the feasibility of using digital tools for medical diagnosis and treatment by examining the technology usage of both parties.

    Results: The 4 key issues that all participants were the most concerned about were as follows: distance to outpatient medical care, medical efficiency, internet connectivity and equipment, and physical space for diagnosis and treatment. Interviews with patients and health care professionals revealed that the use of technology and internet was perceived differently depending on age and area of residence. Most participants reported that digital tools and internet connectivity had many benefits but still could not solve all the problems; moreover, these same digital tools and network transmission could lead to problems such as information security and digital divide concerns. This study also emphasizes the significant impact of human behavior and thinking on shaping the design of health care interventions and technologies. Understanding user perspectives and experiences is crucial for developing effective solutions for unmet needs.

    Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that despite the different perspectives of patients and health care professionals, their considerations of the key issues are very similar. Therefore, the implementation of plans related to telemedicine diagnosis, treatment, or rehabilitation should take the suggestions and considerations of both parties into account as crucial factors for telehealth care design.

    JMIR Hum Factors 2024;11:e51150

    doi:10.2196/51150

    Keywords

    chronic lung diseases; home-based pulmonary rehabilitation; telehealth; remote health care 


    As the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant public health issue [1-4]. In 2019, the number of individuals diagnosed with COPD exceeded 328 million worldwide [5-8]. A significant correlation between physical activity and lung function [9-12] emphasizes the importance of regular exercise for individuals with COPD who require pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) [13-19]. However, patients with COPD often report reluctance to engage in physical activities due to dyspnea, the effects of which include chronic cough, exacerbations, reduced exercise capacity, and impaired quality of life [20-25]. PR is a tailored and comprehensive intervention conducted via a thorough assessment of the patient. In individuals with chronic pulmonary diseases, the primary objective of the pulmonary intervention is to improve not only their overall health but also their psychosocial well-being in the long term [26-28]. Typically, PR programs are customized for personal symptomatic conditions [29-31]; hence, PR interventions entail tailored exercises and educational sessions aimed at enhancing activity tolerance, mitigating symptoms, and augmenting skills that aid in managing chronic respiratory diseases [31,32]. The majority of PR treatments usually require one-on-one sessions and the assistance of a therapist [33-35]. However, the one-on-one care approach is limited due to shortages in health care personnel, elevated work-related stress, and prolonged working hours [36]. Moreover, when the COVID-19 pandemic hit, lockdowns and personnel restrictions forced the interruption of PR for many patients with chronic lung disease, which posed a threat to their lives [37-40].

    Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth has become increasingly attractive owing to its functionality, importance, and prospects [41,42]. In addition to reducing human contact and easing the burden on health care workers, telehealth leverages technology communication and transmission to alleviate the workload of respiratory therapists and improve the accuracy of respiratory rehabilitation records [43-45]. Using telehealth, patients can undergo rehabilitation at home and be monitored remotely by medical personnel [46,47]. Home-based PR can also mitigate the difficulties of outpatient care for patients living in remote areas and those with physical disabilities [48-50]. Furthermore, it can be used as an auxiliary means of physical PR to assist in self-management and precisely modify behavior, thereby reducing hospitalization and medical costs [51,52].

    Traditional PR usually relies on one-on-one human monitoring through observation or physiological monitors to examine a patient’s health condition. Remote health care has the advantage of prescribing home-based PR, enabling patients who are unable to leave their homes due to physical conditions such as disability or living in rural areas to partake in rehabilitation programs at home [53,54]. However, there are also many limitations and considerations of remote health care, as follows:

    1. Lack of security and limited interpersonal interaction: The safety of patients is the primary concern of clinical physicians [55,56]. The biggest challenge of home rehabilitation is emergency treatment, which has been the main hurdle for remote health care since many years [57]. In addition, remote therapy can only provide limited physical and mental assessments [58,59]. Due to the lack of face-to-face interpersonal interactions, patients may develop loneliness, helplessness, and frustration, which may reduce the effectiveness of treatments and the speed of recovery [60,61].
    2. Privacy and security issues: Most remote health care is performed through network transmission. Many clinical physicians believe that network transmission may lead to data leakage or theft of medical records or personal information of patients [62,63].
    3. Technological and equipment limitations: The implementation of remote health care requires specific technological equipment such as smartphones or computers with network functions. However, for many remote users or special groups such as older persons, lack of equipment, poor network communication quality, or unfamiliarity with network-related technology hinder utilization [64].
    4. Insurance payment limitations: Different regions or countries have different standards for remote health care services. Therefore, many insurance companies do not have a remote health care reimbursement system or only cover specific services [65-68].

    Despite its limitations and by taking people, object, and environment into consideration, telemedicine remains a valuable tool for the provision of health care services, especially for patients who have difficulty visiting medical facilities in person or those affected by infectious diseases and related restrictions such as lockdowns and quarantine. Telemedicine enables uninterrupted treatment and continued assistance for patients in their recovery. However, in establishing a home-based PR, it is essential to consider the various environments of participants to effectively maximize the benefits of this medical service.


    Ethics Approval

    This study was approved by the institutional review board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (approval 202200070B0). The participants were patients with chronic lung disease and respiratory health care professionals who had provided written informed consent from both urban and rural areas. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all one-on-one interviews were conducted by videoconferencing.

    Participants and Procedures

    The 20 patients recruited for the interviews included those who had participated in PR programs and those who had not. During the interviews, the patients provided insights into the implementation of PR programs from a patient-centric standpoint. All interviewees had a medical history of 5 years or more.

    The 20 respiratory health care professionals included registered thoracic surgeons, respiratory therapists, physical therapists, and PR specialists. Most of these professionals had experience treating patients with chronic lung disease and had participated in designing exercise prescriptions, patient tracking and monitoring, and disease progression research in PR programs. Furthermore, the majority of the interviewees had treated a specific proportion of patients with chronic lung disease within the past 3 years (Table 1).

    Table 1. Characteristics of the health care professionals (n=20).

    		Values
    Gender (male:female)8:12
    Age (years), min-max; mean (SD)27-65; 46 (11)
    Experience in pulmonary rehabilitation (years), mean (SD)5.2 (8.47)
    Type of health care professional in pulmonary rehabilitation, n (%)

    		Thoracic surgeons3 (15)

    		Respiratory therapists12 (60)

    		Physical therapists2 (10)

    		Pulmonary rehabilitation specialists3 (15)

    Prior to the interviews, all participants were required to complete a survey questionnaire, which included demographic information and details of their use of smart devices and the internet. Daily use was defined as regular usage. The patients provided information about their pulmonary disease status, duration of illness, and a self-assessment of their health status (on a 5-point scale ranging from excellent to poor) as well as recalled their activity frequency over the past 7 days. Health care personnel were required to answer questions related to their primary clinical responsibilities. Each participant took part in a 1.5- to 2-hour interview session conducted by the primary author, who was also a clinical researcher and an assistant professor affiliated with the Chang Gung Medical Foundation. In-depth interviews were primarily used to collect the data. After collecting the interview data, all identifiable personal information was removed from the transcripts. The data were then coded, organized, and analyzed using NVivo 12.0 software (Lumivero) for qualitative data analysis. For accurate and detailed data interpretation, the transcripts were provided to the interviewees for review and cross-checked with relevant researchers to confirm the accuracy of data interpretation.


    Characteristics of the Participants

    This study consisted of 40 participants: 20 health care professionals specializing in PR and 20 patients with chronic lung diseases. The background characteristics of the 20 health care professionals are shown in Table 1; nearly 60% (12/20) were respiratory therapists, and the remaining health care professionals were pulmonary surgeons, physical therapists, and rehabilitation physicians. Their mean age was 46 years, and all had more than 3 years of experience in PR and treatment (mean 5.2 years). The background characteristics and activity habits of the 20 patients interviewed are shown in Table 2; the majority of the patients had COPD (12/20, 60%), and 25% (5/20) were lung transplant recipients. The majority of the participants (15/20, 74%) had never participated in a PR program, and 70% (14/20) of the patients rated their physical condition as poor. Regarding exercise over the past week, 65% (13/20) of the patients chose a 10-minute walk as their exercise indicator, followed by strength training (5/20, 25%). Notably, 55% (11/20) of the patients reported preferring to sit rather than stand and to stand rather than move.

    Table 2. Characteristics of the patients (n=20).

    		Values
    Gender (male:female)10:10
    Age (years), min-max; mean (SD)51-85; 68 (9.8)
    Participation in pulmonary rehabilitation programs, n (%)

    		Yes5 (26)

    		No15 (74)
    Chronic lung diseases, n (%)

    		Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease12 (60)

    		Asthma3 (15)

    		Lung transplantation5 (25)
    Self-assessment of their health, n (%)

    		Excellent0 (0)

    		Very good0 (0)

    		Good1 (5)

    		Fair5 (25)

    		Poor14 (70)
    Exercise frequency and quantity over the past week, n (%)

    		I have engaged in high-intensity strength training, including aerobic exercise, fast cycling, and swimming.2 (10)

    		I have participated in moderate physical activities such as stretching exercises and flexibility training.5 (25)

    		I have walked for at least 10 minutes every day.13 (65)
    What statement best characterizes my exercise habits? n (%)

    		Given the option, I will opt to sit rather than stand.11 (55)

    		I frequently require standing but not for the purpose of lifting heavy objects.5 (25)

    		Climbing slopes and stairs is a common necessity for me.4 (20)

    		I often transport heavy objects and engage in manual labor. 0 (0)

    Survey Results

    In order to better examine the potential of telehealth, we conducted a survey targeting contemporary electronic communication tools, specifically computers, cellphones, and tablets, which were widely utilized by both patients and health care professionals, as shown in Figure 1. The majority of the patients and health care professionals reported using desktop computers as their most frequently used electronic communication device, constituting the largest proportion at 40% (8/20), followed by smartphones at 30% (6/20). Notably, health care professionals reported a higher usage rate (by 10%) of tablet computers compared to patients. Note that neither group of participants reported habitually using laptops. Overall, the patients were less proficient with technology compared to the health care professionals, which is a crucial determinant in implementing telehealth programs.

    ‎
    Figure 1. Survey results of the usage of electronic communication devices among patients and health care professionals in this study.

    People-Object-Environment Framework

    This study adopts the people-object-environment framework as the focal point for the interview investigation to improve the understanding of the feasibility of home-based PR. This study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of remote PR in the current context, with the aim of bridging the gap between ideal use and reality (Table 3). Activities involving various elements such as individuals, entities, and environmental factors often result in the emergence of diverse concerns among different participants. Through the analysis presented in Table 3, we identified the gaps in home-based rehabilitation services from the perspectives of health care professionals and patients. Subsequently, this facilitated a thorough discussion of potential solutions to meet the needs and expectations of all involved parties. Our research findings reveal that the use of telehealth for home-based PR programs had both advantages and disadvantages. Using a people-object-environment framework to analyze the results, we describe 4 dimensions: reduced time and transportation constraints to access medical care; improved medical efficiency; changes in equipment, network, and physical space; and information transmission security, about which health care professionals particularly raised concerns in telehealth.

    Table 3. Analysis of the pros and cons of telerehabilitation with the people-object-environment framework.

    		People (patient)Object (patient)Environment (patient)
    People (health care professionals)

    		Pros
    • Promoting health care access in remote areas: Telehealth facilitates convenient health care services, which enhance medical care for patients in remote areas and promote community health.
    • Boosting patient involvement: Telehealth enables interactions with health care professionals via web-based platforms, providing medical information and guidance as well as fostering active engagement of patients in their own health management.
    • Improving health care resource allocation: Telehealth enables physicians to diagnose and treat patients across different geographical areas, alleviating shortages in local health care resources and enhancing the efficiency of health care resource allocation.
    • Reducing health care burden: Telehealth reduces the health care burden for long-term patients or those requiring regular follow-ups; this minimizes the time and effort associated with transportation and waiting as well as provides cost-effective health care options.
    • Decreasing cross-infection risks: Telehealth minimizes contact between patients and health care professionals, thereby lowering the risk of cross-infection and promoting the health and safety of both health care professionals and patients.

    		Cons
    • Bridging communication barriers: Telehealth reduces physical interactions and social contact between patients and physicians, which may have long-term effects on patients’ psychological and social well-being.
    • Operational and communication barriers: Older or technologically inexperienced patients may encounter difficulties in understanding instructions from remote health care professionals through telehealth.
    • Environmental limitations: Home environments often impose spatial constraints that may limit various rehabilitation, diagnostic, and treatment activities.
    Object (health care professionals)

    		Pros
    • Advantages of telehealth: Telehealth provides a convenient health care model, particularly beneficial for regions facing constraints related to time, geographical location, and transportation. The utilization of basic computer equipment enables the provision of medical consultations, making health care more accessible and efficient for patients in such areas.
    • Wireless transmission: Wireless transmission significantly reduces the workload of health care professionals and makes health care services more efficient by transitioning from a one-on-one service to a one-to-many format.
    • Digital health care infrastructure: Telehealth accelerates the transmission and exchange speed of health care information, leading to improved overall health care efficiency.

    		Cons
    • Digital divide: Individuals who are from lower socioeconomic backgrounds or have limited access to digital resources may face barriers to participation in telehealth due to the lack of appropriate technological equipment or internet connectivity. This highlights inequalities in the distribution of health care resources.
    • Technological dependency: Users with limited technological skills or resources may encounter difficulties in operating telehealth, which requires adequate knowledge of technology, suitable equipment, and stable internet connectivity.
    • Health care quality and patient experience: Although telehealth provides convenient remote health care options for certain diseases or conditions, in-person consultations or measurements from medical instruments may offer more accurate health care services.
    • Disparity in health care resources between urban and rural areas: Despite the convenience of telehealth for remote consultations, operational difficulties may still exist for areas lacking proper equipment.
    • Equipment and infrastructure requirements: Telehealth relies on high-speed internet and appropriate equipment, which can still pose challenges in certain rural areas.
    Environment (health care professionals)

    		Pros
    • Expansion of health care service areas: Through telehealth, physicians can diagnose and treat patients remotely without being limited by geographical location while providing real-time medical services.
    • Expansion of professional scope: Telehealth enables physicians to engage in remote meetings and collaborations with other health care experts, enhancing medical efficiency.
    • Enhancement of diagnosis and treatment efficiency: Telehealth reduces time and space limitations between physicians and patients, improving the efficiency of the overall health care services.
    • Increased convenience: Telehealth offers patients greater convenience, particularly for those residing in remote areas or facing mobility challenges, thereby reducing the time and costs associated with hospital visits.
    • Enhancement of diagnostic and treatment capabilities: Through remote imaging and information sharing, physicians can access additional support and assistance, which improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes.
    • Improvement of health care resource utilization: Telehealth aids physicians in managing and allocating regional health care resources more effectively, enhancing utilization efficiency and reducing unnecessary health care costs.
    • Reducing reliance on physical space: Telehealth reduces the need for physical space such as clinics and hospitals, thereby lowering costs and burdens associated with facilities and resources for health care institutions.

    		Cons
    • Lack of physical contact: Telehealth may not provide opportunities for face-to-face contact with patients, which can make it challenging for physicians to conduct comprehensive physical examinations or assessments.
    • Limitations in comprehensive treatment: Some diagnoses and treatments may require physical contact and assistance from specific equipment, which cannot necessarily be substituted by telehealth.
    • Technical requirements: The use of telehealth requires stable internet connectivity and appropriate device support, which may be challenging for users who are not familiar with technology.
    • Medical responsibility and risk management: Telehealth may involve issues of medical responsibility and risk management, such as misdiagnosis, treatment errors, or incomplete medical records, which may result in medical disputes and litigation. Physicians and health care institutions need to ensure compliance with relevant medical responsibility and risk management principles in telehealth as well as maintain a high level of medical practice.
    • Health care security and privacy risks: The use of telehealth may involve health care security and digital privacy risks such as patient identity verification and medical record protection. Physicians should exercise caution in handling such issues.

    Dimensions

    Dimension 1: Distance, Time, and Transportation Issues

    Both patients and health care professionals acknowledged the significant benefits of telehealth in addressing the challenges of distance in accessing medical care. Reductions in travel and wait times due to telehealth allowed patients to actively participate in their health care decision-making through web-based platforms. The digitization of medical records for better disease management was also facilitated. For residents in remote areas, telehealth eliminated geographical barriers to health care, promoted more efficient allocation of medical resources, and prevented the closure of regional hospitals and the “medical deserts” phenomenon. Nevertheless, health care professionals identified potential risks and quality-of-care issues associated with telehealth. Due to the absence of physical interactions, physicians were limited to relying on surface-level symptoms for diagnosis. Comprehensive physiological examinations and physical evaluations were also limited due to the lack of suitable equipment, which could in fact jeopardize the safety of critically ill patients who require urgent or emergency treatment. Moreover, prolonged social isolation resulting from telehealth may have adverse effects on patients’ psychological and social well-being.

    Dimension 2: Enhancing Medical Efficiency Through the Use of Telehealth

    Health care professionals described that the popularization of telehealth was due to its advantages in improving the efficiency of disseminating medical information. Through online platforms, health care professionals can access patients’ medical history instantaneously and collaborate to provide optimized treatment. This approach reduced constraints on patients’ time and space, expanded the scope of medical services, reduced the workload of health care professionals, and transformed the traditional one-on-one respiratory treatment mode into a one-to-many model. Health care professionals also noted that the advantages of data and imaging arising from telehealth actually improved diagnostic and treatment efficiency, which could as a result achieve precision medicine. However, health care professionals also raised concerns about telehealth. The mode of transmitting medical information through data still harbored many risks and considerations such as diagnostic and treatment errors. Additionally, injuries (such as falls or respiratory distress) that could occur during treatment raised issues related to medical responsibility and risk management. Therefore, handling patient identity verification and medical records with caution when administering telehealth is crucial in order to safeguard patient privacy during medical treatments.

    Dimension 3: Leveraging Internet Connectivity and Device-Based Solutions for Rehabilitation and Health Monitoring

    Patients and health care professionals both identified that digital health care had the potential to significantly reduce medical wait times and enhance efficiency, which complemented the services of regional hospitals, lowered the medical burden of chronic patients, and eliminated limitations due to transportation, geography, and time. However, many challenges still remain with the use of digital tools for rehabilitation and monitoring systems. Most patients who require PR are older, aged ≥65 years, and unfamiliar with digital devices and networks, and they often lack the knowledge and understanding of how to install and configure such devices and applications. In addition, remote areas lack stable networks, technology, and equipment. This digital divide inhibits a subset of patients in certain areas from fully utilizing relevant medical services, highlighting the problem of an uneven distribution of medical resources.

    Dimension 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of Converting Medical Spaces

    The changing medical environment has brought many advantages to patients and health care institutions through telehealth, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, by reducing hospital-acquired infections and patients’ reliance on medical space and resources, thereby alleviating the burden of health care costs. However, as previously mentioned, some health care professionals reported that not all diagnoses and treatments could be properly conducted remotely due to the availability or operation of equipment and the limitation of patients’ home space and environment, which restrict the implementation of many treatment regimens. All the 4 dimensions supported by quotes from patients and health care professionals are shown in Table 4.

    Table 4. Verbatim quotes supporting the main dimensions by patients and health care professionals.
    DimensionsPatientHealth care professional
    Dimension 1: Distance to outpatient care

    		Positive…During the pandemic, being able to have online consultations reduced a lot of my stress. I heard many of my friends around me were infected while at hospital. [Female, 48 years old]…Telemedicine has reduced a lot of transport-related issues. Through online connections, we can access all of the patient’s data and make more accurate assessments. [HCPa #12]

    		Negative…I live in a very rural area where there are no taxis, so every time I see a doctor, I have to take four different buses. The journey alone takes me over three hours, so I avoid seeing a doctor if I can help it. [Female, 64 years old]…To be honest, not every patient is suitable for telemedicine. For example, older patients may have difficulty understanding what I ask them to do. Also, some patients’ conditions cannot be determined solely by questioning and require examination using medical instruments and devices, so it is difficult for me to make a diagnosis without a proper examination. [HCP #8]
    Dimension 2: Medical efficiency

    		Positive…Because I get breathless when I walk, I try not to go out if I don’t have to. I’m also afraid of falling when I go out, and I don’t want to bother my children. So if I can see a doctor through a computer, I prefer that. [Male, 66 years old]…The biggest advantage of telehealth is saving a lot of time and manpower. Of course, this refers to medical work that is more repetitive and lower risk. But I hope that in the future, online systems will have warning functions that can quickly let me know which patient has an issue that needs special attention. [HCP #3]

    		Negative…I would rather see a real doctor. Just talking on the phone doesn’t give me a feeling that I’ve really seen a doctor. [Female, 72 years old]…To be honest, although the internet is convenient, I feel that its effectiveness is sometimes limited. Perhaps respiratory therapy needs to be divided into stages, and not every stage is suitable for being done at home. It may need to be classified/graded. [HCP #17]
    Dimension 3: Internet connectivity and equipment

    		Positive…Every time I go out to see a doctor, I’m always in a rush and get so nervous that I forget to ask the doctor any questions. By seeing the doctor through a computer, I have more time to chat with the doctor. [Female, 70 years old]…The internet connection is very convenient. As long as the health insurance card is inserted, all the patient’s information can be accessed. Telehealth has not only changed a patient’s medical treatment mode but also prevented many regional hospitals from closing down. [HCP #11]

    		Negative…To be honest, I don’t really understand the internet. If no one helps me set it up, I won’t know how to see a doctor online. And if the doctor doesn’t see me, how will they know what’s wrong with me? [Male, 76 years old]…Sometimes, the reason why I cannot wait for a patient is because the foreign caregiver has not set up the computer properly. When communicating with the patient through the computer, sometimes the elderly cannot understand, and it is also difficult to communicate with the caregiver. If I were there in person, I could still teach them how to do it. [HCP #8]
    Dimension 4: Space for diagnosis and treatment

    		Positive…I am old and unable to move around easily. It would be best for me to see the doctor at home. [Male, 86 years old]…A patient receiving online medical care at home will require much less space for us, such as waiting rooms and registration areas. It will also significantly reduce the demand and burden on staff. [HCP #1]

    		Negative…There are many things that I cannot do at home. I need to have my blood pressure measured, but there is no one to help me at home. Also, I like to chat with people, but at home, there’s only me. [Female, 70 years old]…Online medical care now is quite good, with many complete functions such as registration, appointment progress, and electronic medical records. However, I personally have reservations about having many medical records stored in the cloud, as there is no absolute security. Also, if a patient falls at home, how to allocate responsibility and the risks involved are also concerns. [HCP #14]

    aHCP: health care professional.


    This study explores the perspectives and barriers of respiratory health care professionals and patients toward telehealth for rehabilitation for respiratory diseases. Based on the participant interviews, the use of home-based telerehabilitation for patients with lung diseases was perceived to have both advantages and disadvantages, which could be categorized under 4 domains: location, digital technology, internet connectivity, and physical space requirements. Unlike previous research [69], we adopted the people-object-environment framework and interviewed patients as well as health care professionals, with the aim of obtaining feedback from all participants in the same context. The 4 aspects mentioned above were found to be the most important concerns for health care institutions and patients.

    Previous studies have reported that distance to outpatient care has a profound impact on chronic patients; in other words, the farther away from home, the lower is a patient’s willingness to seek medical care [70]. However, Bhatt et al [71,72] highlighted that patients often exhibit a reluctance to engage in PR, regardless of proximity, for several reasons. Both groups of interviewees in our study reported that the provision of alternative options would reduce the number of hospital visits, which would benefit patients and health care institutions. Although digital health care has its limitations, leveraging the internet to expand regional hospital services is not only beneficial to the public but also makes medical services more effective [73]. In special circumstances such as the outbreak of a pandemic, issues such as patients being unable to attend in-person treatments cannot be ignored. It is undeniable that digital health care, in particular, spawns numerous benefits in such situations. However, there are still limitations to digital health care for people (doctors or the public), equipment and network, and the environment (urban or rural). For example, most older patients feel that only consultations in person with doctors generate the feeling of being treated. Furthermore, without physical examinations, it could be difficult for doctors to diagnose the cause of symptoms. Nonetheless, digital technology remains a good choice for patients with respiratory disease who do not want to venture outside or exercise; however, not every patient’s home is equipped with remote medical devices or equipment, especially in rural areas [74]. Most patients with respiratory disease are also older, and without caregiver assistance, operating such devices can be difficult. In addition, due to limited professional knowledge, equipment, network, and living space, home care cannot replace all hospital diagnoses and rehabilitation. Therefore, in consideration of the findings from our study and a previous study [75], the implementation of hierarchical medical care requires that patients first undergo video consultations and then be referred to nearby medical institutions for appropriate treatment based on the severity of their condition. Patients can be referred to a larger medical center when necessary for treatment through an electronic referral platform between institutions. This approach not only effectively improves the utilization efficiency of medical resources but also significantly reduces medical expenses and transportation costs for patients.

    This study has some limitations. First, as our study was conducted in a specific health care institution, our findings may not be generalizable to other regions or institutions. Second, most patients had poor health conditions and no prior experience with PR; thus, they relied only on limited experience and information. Lastly, the majority of the participants were older, which may have influenced their responses regarding computer use or internet issues. Additionally, health care service needs likely vary between urban and rural areas, and our study does not distinguish between the challenges and differences in home-based PR between these 2 types of areas. Future research should consider this aspect in their study design.

    Most study participants reported that telehealth could greatly benefit patients with chronic pulmonary diseases; however, these benefits were not without limitations. Reflections on these limitations by patients or health care professionals revealed that telehealth is not suitable for all patients. For example, diagnosis and treatment via telehealth can only accomplish certain tasks and merely serve as a tool for preliminary diagnostic assessments. Nonetheless, preliminary assessments can determine whether a referral to a regional hospital or a large teaching hospital is necessary. This classification and referral system will also be applicable to rehabilitation therapy. Not all patients are suitable for home-based PR, considering patient safety, the required space and equipment, or the need for further precision testing, among other factors. In addition, although telehealth brought many conveniences to patients and health care professionals, both parties still faced significant psychological pressure. Patients noted that digital medicine lacked warmth, and they tended to prefer human care, while physicians had doubts about medical decision-making without the ability to perform physical examinations. The degree of control over digital technology was also an issue. Both parties lacked confidence that effective treatment could be achieved solely through the internet. Even though digital care has the advantage of long-term patient monitoring, some patients were unfamiliar with internet devices, and health care professionals were concerned that patients may not always respond correctly to instructions. Moreover, patients often neglect their physician’s advice (such as following prescribed exercise schedules) due to lack of motivation and the need to physically meet with the physician. Both groups of study participants indicated that significant improvements in telerehabilitation technology were still needed, particularly for patients in rural areas or those who were older and living alone, who require more support and services.

    Acknowledgments

    This research was supported by the National Science and Technology Council (grant 111-2222-E-182-002-MY2). We also thank all the interviewees who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted this research.

    Conflicts of Interest

    None declared.

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    ‎
    COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    PR: pulmonary rehabilitation

    Edited by A Kushniruk; submitted 22.07.23; peer-reviewed by HH Chen, UK Chalwadi; comments to author 20.11.23; revised version received 01.12.23; accepted 24.01.24; published 07.03.24.

    Copyright

    ©Shih-Ying Chien, Alice May-Kuen Wong, Winston Tseng, Han-Chung Hu, Hsiu-Ying Cho. Originally published in JMIR Human Factors (https://humanfactors.jmir.org), 07.03.2024.

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