Published on in Vol 12 (2025)

1 Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Kuopio, Finland
2 Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
3 Mental Health, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau IR SANT PAU, SantQuintí 77-79, Barcelona, Spain
4 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
5 Mental Health Division, Fundació Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitaria de Manresa, Manresa, Spain
6 Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
7 Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
8 Agency for Health Quality and Assessment of Catalonia AQuAS, Barcelona, Spain
9 The Gertner Institute of Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
10 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
11 TicSalut Health Department, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
12 Digital Health Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
13 Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
14 Etiopatogènia i tractament dels trastorns mentals greus MERITT, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
15 Mental Health and Psychiatry Department, Vic Hospital Consortium, Vic, Spain
16 Mental Health, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau IR SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
17 Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
*these authors contributed equally
