Feasibility of a 12-Week, Therapist-Independent, Smartphone-Based Biofeedback Treatment for Episodic Migraine in Adults: Single-Center, Open-Label, 1-Armed Trial

Amalie Christine Poole   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Ingunn Grøntveit Winnberg   ² , MD ;   Melanie Rae Simpson   ³ , PhD ;   Anker Stubberud   ^{1, 4} , PhD ;   Kjersti Grøtta Vetvik   ^{1, 5} , PhD ;   Marte-Helene Bjørk   ^{1, 6, 7} , PhD ;   Lise Rystad Øie   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Petter Holmboe   ⁸ , MSc ;   Alexander Olsen   ^{1, 9, 10} , PhD ;   Erling Tronvik   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Tore Wergeland   ^{1, 2, 4} , PhD

¹ Norwegian Centre for Headache Research (NorHead), NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

² Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

³ Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

⁴ Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

⁵ Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway

⁶ Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

⁷ Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland, Norway

⁸ Nordic Brain Tech AS, Oslo, Norway

⁹ Department of Psychology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

¹⁰ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway